ࡱ> M /gbjbj== !WWsbl*7*7*78b7D7tf&9::;;;;;;$  +;;;;;+;;;@;;;;.;;;;;2;@>wk|;9 *4h3*70;.{4| V0{4^;.|;Explain the benefits and drawbacks of the use of information and communication technology in businessmanufacturing industrycommerceeducation medicine the home including employment issues benefits to the elderly, disabled and campaigning groupsimpact of IT on the location and patterns of workChapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 Specific Examples are often asked for in examination Questions textbooks are by their nature out of date. You need to read the hyperlinks shown. THE ROLE OF ICT (CHAPTER 1)  HYPERLINK "http://www.interconnection.org/background/benefits.htm" http://www.interconnection.org/background/benefits.htm3rd World HYPERLINK "http://www.crito.uci.edu/" http://www.crito.uci.edu/All areas HYPERLINK "http://www.open2.net/digitalnation/" http://www.open2.net/digitalnation/Open University on this topic HYPERLINK "http://www.qub.ac.uk/mgt/itsoc/contents.html" http://www.qub.ac.uk/mgt/itsoc/contents.htmlExcellent Changing work patterns  HYPERLINK "http://www.acas.org.uk/publications/B09.html" http://www.acas.org.uk/publications/B09.html Increase in productivity - if someone produces more in the same amount of time labour costs per unit of output decrease. In the last 25 years manufacturing output (measured by output per hour) has nearly doubled - new machines, better methods and computers. General skills in problem solving, communications and knowledge work are required. The economy now seems to be 24/7 with people rotating in shift work which can be quite unsocial.. More people take work home portable computers, connections to company intranet etc. People can be contacted at home via pagers, mobile phones, e-mails etc. The traditional 9 to 5 mentality has largely been eroded. Some commentators suggest that there are fewer workers but those that do work harder than they ever have done and are often more highly skilled than they ever were. Organisations increasingly outsource to 3rd world countries were there is a highly skilled and cheap workforce.  HYPERLINK "http://www.computing.co.uk/News/1123924" http://www.computing.co.uk/News/1123924 HYPERLINK "http://www.vnunet.com/News/1129348" http://www.vnunet.com/News/1129348 Changing Shape of Organisations More people are working for themselves as consultants on short-term contracts. Or for small businesses that have sprung up. Large organisations are becoming flatter i.e. less hierarchical. People are working in groups or teams rather than individually. Organisations use ICT as a competitive advantage to implement new technologies and to reap economies of scale. Some general factors concerning ICT include:- BENEFITSDRAWBACKSThe increased use of expert systems means better sharing of skills e.g. surgeonsPossible health risks e.g. RSI, bad backs, sightEducational opportunities  HYPERLINK "http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/database/ICTschool.html" http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/database/ICTschool.htmlPrivacy issuesBetter use of scarce resources  HYPERLINK "http://www.doh.gov.uk/sharedservices/about/your_guide.htm" http://www.doh.gov.uk/sharedservices/about/your_guide.htmComputer CrimeEcological  HYPERLINK "http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/meetthedirector/school2002.htm" http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/meetthedirector/school2002.htmComputers do not reason. Operate logically but not prudently or rationally or ethicallyEnable the disabled  HYPERLINK "http://www.eagle.co.uk/disabled/" http://www.eagle.co.uk/disabled/Errors/bugs (Millenium Bug)Deter wars, and terrorism  HYPERLINK "http://www.iiss.org/pub/tx/tx01015.asp" http://www.iiss.org/pub/tx/tx01015.aspPeople become more insularReact to emergencies www.autodeskgovernment.com/News/successstory1/ 2188572_Homeland_Security_FINAL_03-18-02.pdfMachines become the master not the servantA new underclass of IT incompetents is being created ICT AND MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRY (CHAPTER 3) Competitive advantage and economies of scalewww.eds.ch/en/downloads/flyers/ flyer_overview_manufacturing.pdfProducts are now more complicated and manufacturing is more sophisticated Competition is forcing lower prices Prototypinghttp://www.nas.nasa.gov/IT/idt.htmDesign is less expensive. Computers have significantly reduced the time it takes creative people to put an idea onto paper e.g. Architects, designing prototypes. CAD/CAM/CAE CAD (Computer Aided Design). Computer-input-display-plotter-software. P12  HYPERLINK "http://www.engineeringzones.com/engineering/autodesk/" http://www.engineeringzones.com/engineering/autodesk/ CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture) p.13 - stored programs that turn and direct machines. CAD/CAM is often integrated. http://www.health-infosys-dir.com/ypencadc.asp CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) structural design/architectural programs that will calculate breaking strength on design parts. Design new chips. Stock Control Stock Control - automatic reordering, warnings of low stock levels, list of components needed for manufacture Expert Systemshttp://www.gensym.com/manufacturing/partners.shtmlExpert systems - make decisions as well as provide information Robots p.14http://www.sandia.gov/isrc/Capabilities/Prototyping/MegaLab/megalab.htmlSensors capture the data A microprocessor processes the data Actuators produce movement A robot can be used for: spray painting spot welding security underwater oil rig maintenance vehicles in space exploration (e.g. Pathfinder) Employment by Industry fed by ICT Employment in different industries has changed significantly in the last 20 years. Many people have lost jobs because of computers (e.g. banking and factory work) but lots of other jobs have been created because of computers. Computers have changed the way people work. There has been a move away from the Manufacturing and Production sector to the Service sector, as the table below illustrates: September 1978September 1998ChangeAgriculture, Fishing, Energy and Water5%2%-3%Manufacturing30%17%-13%Construction6%5%-1%Distribution, Hotels and Restaurants18%23%+5%Transport and Communication6%6%0%Banking, Finance and Insurance11%>19%+8%Public Admin, Education, Health and Other Services24%28%+4% Teleworking P.3/4http://www.eto.org.uk/Benefits: It may be easier to concentrate at home Increase employee productivity, quality of life and morale Environmental and economic benefits of less commuting Workers enjoy greater flexibility (good for working mothers) Employment opportunities for disabled people Employers save the cost of office space, heat and light People can be recruited from a wider geographical area Can live anywhere Problems: How can management control the workforce? (Conversely) how can unions prevent workers being exploited? Employees may feel isolated and lonely i.e. Lack of social interaction Employees may find it difficult to separate work and home lives Employees may be distracted at home Employees may find it difficult to work in teams Loss of sense of loyalty to company  HYPERLINK "http://www.commuterchallenge.org/cc/csintrowo.html" http://www.commuterchallenge.org/cc/csintrowo.htmlUS Case studies HYPERLINK "http://www.andrewbibby.com/telework.html" http://www.andrewbibby.com/telework.htmlExcellent case studiesRemote Working p.5http://www.walesindex.co.uk/pages/289.htmlIn the industrial revolution, people moved from the countryside to the cities. Now, this trend is being reversed. People can work in "telecottages" on the other side of the world to their employer's business. e.g. workers in India do data processing sent to them overnight by London Transport. Workers on farms in Northern Ireland do work for Silicon Valley companies who can't afford to employ local labour. The attraction to employers is that they can recruit the cheapest labour in the world, whilst keeping their offices in prestige locations. ICT IN BUSINESS AND COMMERCE New technology has changed business and commerce New products emerged in the last couple of decades: fax machines, mobile phones, CD players, VCRs, computer games New services: caller ID, ringback, online shopping, online banking, Email, barcode scanning. These new developments of the information revolution have significantly changed the way business is done. Remote Data Banks - Dow Jones, Legal Services Consider examples of using technology to get customers to do their work for them (automatic petrol stations) Using ICT in a Small Business p.8/9 Word processing (document oriented) (Design invoice stationary, send mailshots etc)Desk Top Publishing (page oriented) (Design advertising, promotional material etc.)TeleconferencingDesktop OrganisersEDIPresentation packagesAccounts packagesProject ManagementMISFaxInternet (communication, online sales)E-MailSpreadsheet (Help set up business plan by calculating expected income and expenses. Perform what if queries to test the effect of raising or lowering prices). Graphics (Create high quality commercial documents i.e. design logo, headed stationary, business cards etc.) Database (keep a mailing list) ICT in banking p.9http://www.clustan.com/banking.htmlTelephone Banking ATMs Debit and Credit Cards MICR, EFT Direct Debit (salaries, bills etc.) Electronic Smartcards (e.g. Mondex) Shopping on the Internet P.9 Advantages: Open 24/7 By asking customers to register, businesses can build up databases/customer profiles People can shop without leaving home Drawbacks: Some people actually enjoy going out shopping Security concerns (credit card fraud etc.) Waiting for goods to arrive (or the wrong goods arriving) Technological Underclass (the poorest people in society have the least access to the new technology.) In 1996 40% said they had never used any of the tools of the technological age, including computers, mobile phones etc) Only 9% of economic groups C2/E/D have ever used the Internet. ICT AND EDUCATION Self-education courses e.g. computer based CD courses - select own course, follow videos text etc. Interact CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) - ask questions, keep track of answers, adjust presentation to students demonstrated knowledge and experience Company training programs e.g. airlines use IT to train pilots and mechanics Wide use of software Access to ICT facilities  HYPERLINK "http://www.downes.ca/future/" http://www.downes.ca/future/The future? HYPERLINK "http://www.kids-o-rama.com/quicklinks/educat.htm" http://www.kids-o-rama.com/quicklinks/educat.htmUpdated monthly HYPERLINK "http://www.becta.org.uk/technology/infosheets/" http://www.becta.org.uk/technology/infosheets/Everything ICT AND MEDICINE (CHAPTER 4) Computerised storing of patients records - more secure and less likely to go astray Databases of organ donors Computerised devices such as pacemakers, artificial organs and limbs Computerised monitoring devices on patients Software to help diagnosis (Expert System/knowledge base) Remote operations (see Robot Surgeon case study) Computers can model the effect of new drugs (see Deeper Blue case study) Using a computerised robotic arm to remove tissue samples from suspected brain tumours that are difficult for surgeons to reach. Eliminates need for general anaesthesia, reduces trauma to the brain, allows patients to go home the day after brain surgery, instead of a week or more later. Future - repair blood vessels, guide laser beams to tumours. VR Simulations to help doctors practice surgery Models to try out new drugs and techniques. Telecommunications and use of robots - long-distance surgery on battlefield. Better use of Medical records can improve patient care Improved tracking of donors Pacemakers, artificial organs etc. Data logging in Intensive Care Unit Use of expert systems  HYPERLINK "http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_1274000/1274438.stm" http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_1274000/1274438.stm - This is a BBC news report, which starts as follows: "Doctors are being faced with a brand new condition - "cyberchondria" or "internet print out syndrome". Patients are now using the internet to find out more about their illnesses, but often mis-diagnose symptoms or stumble across quack cures."  HYPERLINK "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/2288619.stm" http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/2288619.stmTelemedicine HYPERLINK "http://www.mieur.nl/mihandbook/r_3_3/handbook/home.htm" http://www.mieur.nl/mihandbook/r_3_3/handbook/home.htmDetailed ICT AND THE HOME  HYPERLINK "http://www.microsoft.com/net/" http://www.microsoft.com/net/ COMPUTERS AND THE DISABLED Case study: Eyes in the Sky - use of the GPS (Global Positioning System) to navigate blind people around towns) Stephen Hawking, Christopher Reeves Scanners can convert printed text to verbal output for visually impaired. Implanted devices can improve mobility.  HYPERLINK "http://www.stakes.fi/include/ch_4_05.html" http://www.stakes.fi/include/ch_4_05.htmlSmart Houses QUESTIONS 1995 (20 marks) The debating society at a local college is holding a debate on the following motion:- The application of Information Technology is socially and ethically wrong and will have no lasting beneficial effects on individuals, organisations or society in general You have been offered the choice of speaking either FOR or AGAINST the motion. Select and name your choice and discuss, with specific examples, the issues you would use to support your speech. MARK ALLOCATION - 10 for points made on individuals, organisations and society, 5 for moral issues, 5 for presentation and coherence of argument Paragraph 1 Introduction with choices and how you intend to answer Paragraph 2 Effects on people de-skilling or regular skill enhancement and educationredeployment or regradingchanges in working practicesreduction of labour-intensive jobs and move to service industriesredundancy for those that cant re-skillchanges in working conditions - cleaner and saferhealth and safety issuesshorter working week and more leisure timeworking from home is favourable to certain groupspositive application of IT for disableddevelopment of AI apps e.g. medical expert systemsloss of human interaction e.g. customer services at banks, automated trainsParagraph 3 Effects on organisations changes in product or services supplied to maintain customer basechanges in working practices to maintain efficiency and competitivenessgrowth of networks and the multi-national organisationschanges in departmental structures and traditional organisation methodsreduction in the traditional role of unionsreduction in demarcation of roleselimination of direct labour e.g. chemical plantsgrowth in contracting out for serviceschanges in staff roles hence the need to provide training Effects on both - increased reliance on performance indicators derived from data because they can be rather than they are relevant Paragraph 4 Effects on society improvements in working conditions and life expectancyshorter working hours and more leisure timethreats of increased automated control and lack of privacyeconomic divide of geographical areaspolarisation of people into two groupsdevelopment of surveillance systems - video of car number plates linked to databaselong term change to service industrygrowth of computer crimegrowth of totalitarian state i.e. privacy issues Paragraph 5 Conclusion should discuss moral issues Is social development determined by technology or is technology a product of the culture which is shaped by political and moral choices?Does technology produce further depersonalisation or will it enhance communication between individuals and cultures?Is technology being developed to improve the good of all, increasing individual freedom and reducing inequalities of wealth and power or does it threaten to have the opposite effect?Is the application of technology inevitable or should a society resist its use to ensure more equitable social status?Discussion of ethical issues within IT profession - Code of Ethics - Social responsibility, Integrity, Protection of Privacy, Education, Discretion. Specific examples should be drawn from those mentioned above such as Refer to batch, interactive, real time processing Comms payroll stock control accounts electronic office CAD robotics automated warehouses traffic management systemsmonitoring systemsfinance education health serviceexpert systems 1998.2 (8 marks) Briefly describe two social impacts and two organisational impacts commonly identified as a result of introducing computerised information systems into business organisations. Two social impacts: Telecommuting: ability to work from home, growing numbers Dependency on computers: no longer is it just inconvenient when a system is down often organisations lose millions of pounds of revenue. Computer crime: new types of crime, need reviews of legislation Speed of change: managers often suffer from info overload and increased pressure as a result of ever increasing workload. Adapting to changes and result in increased workload. Erosion of boundaries: Blurring, staying at home to work, shop etc. will erode the boundaries between work and play: results in less social interaction 2 2 2 2 2TO MAX OF 4 MARKSTwo organisational impacts: Quality of work life: degree to which jobs are interesting, satisfying and physically comfortable Changes in organisational structure: computers may empower lower level workers, some organisations become flatter Reduced employment: evidence exists to show that labour forces reduced in both white and blue collar sectors of business and industry Employment changes: training issues Training / Skill level of work force. Detrimental effects on support services. 2 2 2 2 2 2MAX OF 4 MARKS(For points above there must be a clear statement of the issues. Whilst lengthy discussion is not required, short phrases of 4 or 5 words are unacceptable at A level. 1 mark for statement and one mark for description. C/F and C/B marks for social)8 1996 and 1993 (20 Marks) The growth of communications systems may result in an increasing number of people working from home, often referred to as telecommuting. Discuss with the aid of specific examples, the advantages and disadvantages to individuals, organisations and society of such methods of working. MARK ALLOCATION - 5 for points made from each viewpoint, 5 for presentation and coherence, specific examples - i.e. type of jobs and organisations. Acceptable to discuss which could not telecommute. Answers without reference to examples maximum of 12 marks Specific examples might be drawn from: Building Societies: design and system testing from a different continentBanking systems: local business managers logging customer reports, requirements and appointments from the fieldMulti-national car manufacturer: district managers allocating stock to dealers and trouble-shooting customer complaintsRegional newspaper: journalists file stories and chase leads from bespoke central systemTelecottage projects: as set up in some rural areas e.g. remote accountancy systems.Software houses: system testing and software support on a national basis from the home base of employees.Must relate these examples to IT specific tasks and exhibit knowledge of IT or the type of application likely to use telecommuting Paragraph 1: Introduction - What telecommuting is, how you intend to organise your essay Paragraph 2: The Effects on individuals with examples changes in skills required, de-skilling or regular skill enhancement changes in working practices - two days in the office, three at home more flexible working hours but these could be more rigidly accounted for less social interaction loss of creativity that comes from interaction could live anywhere loss of status e.g. no plush office problem in finding quiet area at home Paragraph 3: Effects on organisations with examples changes in working practices and organisational structures staff appear to have more freedom - may not fit into organisational culture difficult to arrange emergency meetings costs - equipment and on-line charges security - hacking employees become more productive but less creative Health and Safety less of a problem Paragraph 4: Effects on Society with examples more flexible working hours - leisure time increases the leisure industry threats of increased automatic control and never off the job reduction in city centre and transport usage - environmentally friendly but cities devoid of people increase opportunities for disabled family arguments could cause stress Paragraph 5: Conclusion June 2001.5. A supermarket chain operates an automatic ordering system between the stores and a central warehouse. a) State two advantages for the store of using an automatic system. 2 marks b) Explain one advantage for the supermarkets customers of the store using an automatic stock control system. 2 marks a) One mark for each point maximum 2 marks speed of ordering(1) store can be kept fully stocked/no overstocking(1) reduction in staff time spent on stock ordering(1) / staff costs less staff(1) automatic ordering means lack of human error/fraud(1) increased accuracy/ know exactly what stock they have at any one time(1) DO NOT ALLOW it is very quick it is easier to use preventing being left with unsold stock WE ARE NOT TALKING ABOUT ROBOTICS HERE BUT other advantages acceptable e.g. stats produced executive decisions can be made b) Customer finds goods they require in stock (1) if levels maintained automatically(1) customer finds prices may be lower (1) if less staff used/less wastage in stock/less space needed for stock (1) 1 mark for stating advantage, second mark for explaining. NB stating two advantages with only one explanation 1 mark only. January 2002 ICT1 9. A large clothing retailer has decided to set up an on-line store. (a) Explain two advantages to the retailer of using this method of selling as opposed to selling from a high street shop. 4 marks (b) Explain one advantage to the customer of using the on-line store rather than a high street shop. 2 marks (c) State one disadvantage to the customer of using the on-line store rather than a high street shop. 1 mark (d) Describe two ways in which the retailer could make use of the Internet to publicise its new service. 4 marks a) 2 2 marks Reduction in retail space/staff (1) cost savings (1) NB includes staff and space so not separate points JIT/Reduction in stock/warehouse space/investment in stock (1) cost savings (1) Increased customer base (1) increased sales/profits (1) Keep up with competition (1) prevent loss of sales (1) Cost savings (1) due to decrease in shoplifting(1) b) 1 2 marks Saves time/cost of travel (1) no need to visit shops/saves time searching for what you want (1) Allows people with limited movement (1) to shop from home (1) Saves leaving home (1) crowds/comfort factor/convenience (1) c) 1 mark Cannot try on clothes (1) Possibility of fraud (credit card) (1) Social interaction/ direct help from sales staff lost (1) Time delay between purchase and receipt of goods (1) d) 2 2 marks Adverts on ISP homepages/Gateway sites (1) attract new custom/promote company(1) Links set up from other sites (1) allows customers to find store (1) Email (1) potential customers to gain more trade/promote company (1) Register with search engines (1) allow more people to find site (1) 2000.8.The use of IT by both individuals and organisations is having a dramatic effect on the way in which people live and work. Discuss this statement using specific examples Reference should be made to all of the following: the effects on individuals the effects on organisations the effects on society One mark per effect, positive or negative NB: Must be explained for mark The maximum on any one section is 7 marks Typical examples might be: Individuals: Working habits Shopping habits Leisure Communication Organisations; Retraining Redeployment De-skilling Changes in working practice Regrading and improvements in career prospects Changes in working conditions Increased legal responsibilities New services can be offered Society - Increased productivity Higher standard of living Cleaner and safer working environment Shorter working hours and more leisure time Polarisation of society into two groups Threat of a totalitarian state Invasion of privacy Growth of techno crime Improvements in provision of services 4 marks to be allocated for Quality of Language June 2003.2 (2 marks) Banks keep records of customers and their bank accounts. 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