ࡱ> UWTM bjbj== !,WW@l2 2 2 8j  ,@f @ :z z z z z z k@m@m@m@m@m@m@$RB rDV@z z z z z @( z z @( ( ( z (z z k@( z k@( 0( XNT-W?z ȳn2 F>0W?@0@'?0D @DW?( Describe the legal rights and obligations on holders of personal data to permit access. Chapter 11 Understand that the sale of entitlement to access to data may mean paying for a more convenient form of access, the right of which already exists. Understand that files on individuals and on organisations that are non-disclosable have commercial value. PRIVACY Many members of the public are concerned of possible conflicts between technology and privacy.   HYPERLINK "http://www.guardian.co.uk/netprivacy/0,2759,329596,00.html" http://www.guardian.co.uk/netprivacy/0,2759,329596,00.htmlA series of articles about Privacy HYPERLINK "http://www.guardian.co.uk/Print/0,3858,4046062,00.html" http://www.guardian.co.uk/Print/0,3858,4046062,00.html HYPERLINK "http://Privacy.net/" http://Privacy.net/OH DEAR DEAR DEAR!!!! HYPERLINK "http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/infosoc/98_1moor/contents.htm" http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/jilt/infosoc/98_1moor/contents.htm Concerns Many companies use exemption clauses which require customers to tick a box if they do not want their personal information being passed to others. Masses of information is held by data warehousing.  HYPERLINK "http://www.newsletterinteractive.com/businessintelligence/datawarehousing.htm" http://www.newsletterinteractive.com/businessintelligence/datawarehousing.htm  HYPERLINK "http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1555981.stm" http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1555981.stm Civil liberty groups add that intelligence agencies already have more than enough freedom to intercept communications and acquire records of electronic communications, and caution against handing over yet more powers to allay short-term fears. Imposing restrictions on technologies that can be used to secure messages will do little to combat terrorism, they say, but could seriously erode personal privacy. The sheer volume of data held on individuals and the time/skills required to actually enforce individual rights is a concern.  HYPERLINK "http://info.acm.org/crossroads/xrds1-1/mnelson.html" http://info.acm.org/crossroads/xrds1-1/mnelson.html . The volume of information held on individuals and the ability to transfer it (see diagram above). Give examples of possible privacy conflicts in Consumer and Credit Reporting e.g. marketing lists are created and sold on based on credit data (telesales, smart-mail and junk-mail), credit agencies get information from credit-card companies, banks, retailers, courts Protecting ICT systems If data is commercially valuable then access to it must be controlled. Otherwise a potentially valuable resource could be stolen or damaged A company may have sensitive information that it would not want its rivals to gain access to. It may want to restrict access to data so that unauthorised changes are not made. It may want to ensure that a payment has been made before data is disclosed. In the case of personal data there are legal restrictions on the access to data. These do not prevent the firm selling data to others but they can only do this if they have registered this as one of the purposes for which the data is being stored. They can only pass the data to another registered user. Note that when a data user registers to store personal data they must also register the sources and destinations as well as the uses of the data. In addition to commercial considerations the data user has a legal obligation to prevent unauthorised access to personal data. When data is being updated on-line then access must be carefully controlled because the data will be changing all the time. Access levels that are possible are: NoneUser cannot obtain information nor change dataRead only accessUser can obtain information but not change the dataRead/write accessUser can change data as well as obtain informationAppend only accessUser cannot change existing data but can add new dataFull accessUser can add / change and delete data Note that type of access may vary according to what else is going on in the system. In a flight seat booking system, for example, only one user at a time should be allowed write access to a particular booking record otherwise both might attempt to register a booking for the same seat at the same time. A temporary lock will prevent the second user gaining write access to the file until the first use has completed their transaction. 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