ŠĻą”±į>ž’ npž’’’m’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ģ„ĮM łæV4bjbjā=ā= !f€W€W|/Ł’’’’’’lDDDDDDDX8Fb¤X?=f(:bbbbbb¾<Ą<Ą<Ą<Ą<Ą<Ą<$„> Å@øä<Dbbbbbä<¦"DDbbł<¦"¦"¦"b.DbDb¾<¦"b¾<¦"Ź¦"p(Š‡5_DD*7b qj±±ųÅX¶Äę6"*7”=0?=7"}AT"R}A*7¦"XXDDDDŁUnderstand that ICT systems offer fast repetitive processing, vast storage capability, the facility to search and combine data in many different ways which would otherwise be impossible. This can provide quality information. Understand that the response speed of technology within ICT systems facilitates the use of feedback, e.g. maintenance of optimum stock levels, electronic fund/money management systems. Understand that there are limitations in the use of ICT systems and in the information they produce. Factors could include hardware, software and communications limitations in addition to inappropriate data models and data control mechanisms. The Benefits of ICT (See Heathcote p.42-43) 1. Increased speed of processing (e.g. MICR in a bank) 2. Vast Storage capacity (compare filing cabinets to databases) 3. Environmental gains (Can there be any such thing as the "paperless office"?) 4. Ability to search and combine data in many different ways (e.g. speed of searching a database vs. searching a filing cabinet) 5. Instant Response Even small powered computers can perform calculations in seconds that would take a person years to complete. Computer processing power is measured by how many millions of instructions per second (MIPS) they execute. (Real-time systems e.g. airline booking, credit card transactions. Compare with cheques which take three days to clear) 6. Accurate and consistent results Given proper instructions and data computers will consistently deliver accurate results i.e. instructions numbering in billions without error (computers should be able to do a payroll for thousands of employees and not make a single mistake but only if they are well programmed) 7. Communication (e.g. Email) 8. Improved Company Image (better presentation of internal and external documents through use of DTP, Word Processing, Presentation Graphics BUT a lot of people with no sense of design make a mess when using WP and DTP) 9. Work tirelessly 24 hours a day, seven days a week without breaks 10 ICT systems should produce consistent results LIMITATIONS OF ICT (see Heathcote p.42/3) Job losses 2. Faults in software (bugs or badly designed programs) can cause chaos. 3. We are completely reliant on electricity 4. GIGO (Data Validation can reduce the problem but not eliminate it) 5. Information overload (e.g. people can be flooded with Email) 6. Computer crime (hacking, viruses) 7. Lack of hardware and software standards  HYPERLINK "http://www.csl.sri.com/users/neumann/illustrative.html" http://www.csl.sri.com/users/neumann/illustrative.htmlrisks – very good HUMAN Advantage COMPUTER AdvantageThinkingComputational SpeedJudgementAccuracyCreativityDependabilityMotivationLittle Training RequiredFlexibilityLower costs in many casesMobilityInformation ProcessingStorage DensityWorking with Knowledge COMPUTER limitations Not creative, but they can solve problems for humans.Can’t reason. Although a computer shares similarities with the human brain and nervous system they lack many of the mental capabilities possessed by a 5 year old child. (Cybernetics).Can’t discriminate or assimilate widely divergent kinds of data and they have no capacity for ethical evaluations.Do not make errors. Programs do.Are literal i.e. might accept 1 but not one, copy but not coppyOperate logically but are incapable of acting prudently or rationally EXAMINATION QUESTIONS WITH SKELETON ANSWERS 1995 (4) “Newspapers, magazines and TV news programmes my be replaced by computer based Information Systems in the near future.” Give two reasons why this statement may be true, and two reasons why it may prove to be false. Reasons for true electronic systems more up to dateselective search and viewing possiblecan automatically import/export from/to other mediaarticles can be enhanced by animations, sound and graphicsdevelopment of general and specialist networks/bulletin boardspossible to allow interaction with userstechnology exists therefore inevitable because...portability of hardware, pocket size computers capable of linking in to networksviewdata/teletext systems already well established Reasons for false some of the population are too old to cope initial cost/investment... if justifiedpaper based systems easy to access, no specialist equipment requiredviewdata/teletext systems have not made significant impactpeople prefer news delivered by humans (TV)newspaper/TV are a powerful lobbycurrent viewdata/teletext systems have poor graphicstechno fear of the average newspaper readercasual reader would not invest funds in IT systemsome of population too old to copepractical limitation to number of teletext pages 1997 (20 Marks) Networked computer systems (e.g. Internet) will revolutionise the way in which we shop.’ With the aid of specific examples, discuss this statement. Include in your discussion: The types of organisations likely to advertise on such systems The capabilities and limitations of such systems for this activity The potential security risks for the customer in using such systems The organisational impact of such systems The social impact of such systems Outline answer Max 20 for this question in total although sum of individual Max exceeds 20 The types of organisation likely to advertise on such systems. (Max 3) The capabilities and limitations of such systems for this activity.( Max 3) The potential security risks for the customers in using such systems. (Max 2) The organisational impact of such systems (Max 4) The social impact of such systems. (Max 4) Total Maximum 16 for content [written in paragraphs (1), spelling (1), correct grammar (1), general coherence of concepts (1)] Throughout this answer we are looking for real experience of use. The types of organisation likely to advertise on such systems (Max 3) {looking for a reason for their use of this medium} Firms with a wide distribution base such as InterFloraSuppliers of specialist products e.g. stamps, binoculars etcHigh street stores such as Argos (Barclay Square)Obvious Net friendly products such as computer software. From a range of vendorsVideo and CD suppliers as they have easily transportable productsSupermarkets for convenience shopping The capabilities and limitations of such systems for this activity (Max 3) Cannot try out products e.g. test drive car/try on clothes - allow this with example (1)No physical queue but speed of graphic download from slow servers (1) or own modem (1)Limitations in browsing tools makes it difficult to access (1)Sales pitch offer an integration of text, sound and video e.g. hotel/holiday booking (1)Limitation in product offered e.g. Sainsbury only stock wine, flowers & Chocolate, Argos only 150 products (1)Despite advertising products some firms fail to deliver if ordered via the Net (1){How much technical detail should we allow?}Retailers can collect statistical information on customer habits.The potential security risks for the customers in using such systems (Max 2)No central controlling body (1)Different laws in different countries (1) e.g. ‘Red Hot Dutch’ was legal in the Netherlands, not UK Standard for secure transactions has only just been SET (Secure Electronic Transactions announced by Visa and Mastercard on 26 June 1996) (2)No physical mugging but credit card details can be stolen by hackers (1) if sent to an unsecured server (broken key on left hand corner of browser window remains broken)The organisational impact of such systems. (4) reach a wider market, not dependant on geographical siteless susceptible to ‘local factors’ e.g. strikes, weather etc.changes in working practices and organisational structurescosts of equipment/ paying service providersmore likely to hacking/false advertisingreduction in prime site office costsreduction in service costs; fewer employees The social impact of such systems (Max 4) psychological factors...less people to meet, purchase more because it is available, purchase less because it is not an impulse buymore pleasant to shop away from crowds/queues etc/can stay at homemore flexible shopping hoursthreats of increased automated control reduction in city centre & transport usagemore environmentally friendly create cities devoid of peoplecould increase equal opportunitiesopportunities for those with physical disabilities.Do not allow interpersonal skills are waningMax on encryption (4) 2000.3 (6) Explain three benefits that an organisation might gain by introducing an information technology system. 1 mark for each benefit and 1 mark for each explanation (3 x2) examples; Increased speed of processing(1), greater productivity(1) increased accuracy of calculations(1), less loss of money/customers(1) 24 hour availability(1), allows greater flexibility in hours(1) vast amounts of data stored in small space(1), allows reduction in office space and hence overheads(1) frees up staff for other duties(1), e.g. by performing repetitive tasks(1), better presentation possible(1), better image to customers(1) efficient search and retrieval(1), allows quick response to queries(1) improved communication(1) - more efficient organisation/less misunderstandings(1) easier customer contact e.g. email and Web Improve security (1) e.g. harder to lose files (1) better working conditions(1) - happier staff/easier to recruit staff(1) Use of expert systems/modelling tools (1) leading to better decision-making (1) NOT SPECIFIC PACKAGE USE EG. ACCOUNTING PACKAGES GREATER KNOWLEDGE OF FINANCES 6 MARKS Label the ticks with B or E (Benefit or Explanation) January 2001.2. When incorrect bills are sent to customers, an organisation often gives the reason as “The computer got it wrong”. Using an example, give a more likely explanation. 4 marks Concept of incorrect data being entered initially(1) plus example(1) Means output, i.e. bill, will be incorrect(1) example(1) Question is about incorrect bills i.e. calculations/values are not correct. Wrong and incorrect do not mean the same thing. DO NOT ALLOW THE WRONG ADDRESS ANSWERS BUT DO ALLOW Bugs/incorrect formulas/poorly tested software resulting in incorrect calculations. Marks allocated as follows: January 2001.10. The use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has brought benefits to a number of areas. For each of the following, state a use of ICT, and describe the benefit that can be gained. Your examples must be different in each case. 12 marks a) Education b) Health c) The home d) Offices e) Manufacturing companies f) Police 2 marks for each area - 1 mark for the example of a use of ICT and 1 mark for the benefit. Second mark dependent on the first Allow descriptions of uses of individual pieces of software e.g. word processing, email, etc. Examples such as: NB There are others they can use a) Distance learning (1) wider market area (1) or ability to take courses (1) Computer based learning package (1) reduction in staff costs (1) Use of Internet(1) ability to research topics(1) b) Computer based records (1) easier to find information on patients (1) Monitoring equipment (1) provides instant information - cuts staff costs (1) Expert systems(1) aid to diagnosis(1) Computer assisted operations(1) greater accuracy/success rate(1) c) On line shopping (1) saves time (1) Email (1) allows easy communication with friends and family Leisure/games software(1) improving co-ordination/ giving pleasure(???) Don’t allow tele-working as this is not home use Don’t allow electronic appliances – not Information Technology d) Electronic communication (1) easy to keep in touch with customers (1) Word processing/DTP software (1) better image/ more customers (1) e) JIT (1) saves on storage/avoids waste Robots (1) reduce staff costs (1) CAD(1) saves on wastage, better designs, more easily(1) CAM(1) more efficient, saves on wastage & labour/reduces costs f) Electronic tagging (1) easily locate offenders (1) Databases (1) allow easy search and retrieval of data/help solve crimes faster (1) A benefit must be given for the second mark. 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